Nigeria Seeks Fresh $1.75bn World Bank Loan

The Federal Government plans to increase its borrowing despite a significant 40.5 per cent surge in revenue for the first eight months of 2025. This boost in revenue has largely been driven by substantial gains in non-oil revenue collections, as confirmed in a press statement on Wednesday by Special Adviser to the President on Information and Strategy, Bayo Onanuga.

Based on the figures released by the Presidency, Nigeria’s fiscal performance from January to August 2025 saw total collections reach a record N20.59tn, surpassing the N14.6tn collected during the same period in 2024. It was noted that non-oil revenues now account for 75 per cent of the total collections.

The statement read, “From January to August 2025, total collections reached N20.59tn, a 40.5 per cent increase from N14.6tn recorded in 2024. This strong performance aligns with projections, placing the government firmly on course to achieve its annual non-oil revenue target.”

However, despite these positive developments, Nigeria still faces substantial funding gaps in crucial sectors such as infrastructure, with low capital spending. Local contractors under the All Indigenous Contractors Association of Nigeria, on Wednesday, staged a protest at the Headquarters of the Ministry of Finance in Abuja, to demand payment for capital projects executed in 2024, amounting to about N4tn.

To address these funding gaps, the government plans to borrow locally and domestically despite an earlier claim by President Bola Tinubu on Tuesday in Abuja that Nigeria had met its revenue target for 2025 ahead of schedule and would no longer rely on borrowing to fund its budget.

On Thursday, Economic Confidential gathered that the World Bank is expected to approve loans totalling $1.75bn before the end of the year to support key development projects in Nigeria, according to official data obtained from the bank’s official website. These loans will finance several key initiatives, including projects in agriculture, health, and digital infrastructure.

One of the major projects set to benefit from this financial backing is the Nigeria Sustainable Agricultural Value-Chains for Growth project, which will receive $500m. This initiative is aimed at improving agricultural productivity and integrating value chains to support rural development and economic diversification. The project is currently in the Concept Review phase, with approval expected on December 11, 2025.

Another project, the Building Resilient Digital Infrastructure for Growth, which has a commitment of $500m, aims to enhance Nigeria’s digital infrastructure and foster economic growth, particularly in the technology sector. The project is currently in the Begin Negotiation phase, with approval scheduled for October 31, 2025.

Similarly, the Health Security Programme in Western and Central Africa, Nigeria – Phase II, will receive $250m to strengthen Nigeria’s health systems and improve the country’s preparedness for health emergencies. This project is also in the Begin Negotiation phase, with approval expected by September 30, 2025.

Lastly, the Fostering Inclusive Finance for MSMEs in Nigeria project, which aims to improve access to finance for small and medium-sized enterprises, will be allocated $500m. This project is in the Concept Review phase, with approval set for December 18, 2025.

Collectively, these projects comprise the $1.75bn in loans expected to be approved by the World Bank before the end of the year. The PUNCH earlier reported that the World Bank approved a total of $8.40bn in fresh loans to Nigeria over the past two years, according to data obtained from the bank’s official website.

The approvals, covering the period from June 2023 to August 2025, spanned 15 projects in the energy, education, healthcare, rural infrastructure, and governance sectors. The amount comprises $1.95bn from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and $6.50bn from the International Development Association.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development provides loans on commercial or near-commercial terms to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries, while the International Development Association offers highly concessional loans and grants to the world’s poorest nations.

Economists warn that the rising loan pipeline, while potentially beneficial for long-term development, could deepen fiscal pressures if not matched with stronger domestic revenue mobilisation and prudent expenditure management.

Lagos-based economist, Adewale Abimbola, reacting to the rising World Bank commitments to Nigeria, said loans from multilateral institutions such as the World Bank are largely concessionary, with interest rates typically below market levels and longer repayment tenors.

He noted that the critical question is not whether Nigeria should be borrowing, but whether the loans are structured and deployed effectively. “If it’s concessionary and tied to viable projects with medium-term revenue prospects, I don’t think it’s a bad idea,” Abimbola explained. “Borrowing isn’t bad; what matters is utilisation.”

He stressed that the economic impact of such loans depends on how well they are channelled into projects that can generate sustainable growth, strengthen revenue, and improve public services over time.

Development economist and CEO of CSA Advisory, Dr Aliyu Ilias, has expressed strong reservations over Nigeria’s rising debt profile in light of fresh World Bank commitments. He recalled that when former President Muhammadu Buhari left office for President Bola Tinubu, the nation’s debt stock stood at about N87tn, but has since risen to around N149tn, with fears it could approach N180tn.

While acknowledging that borrowing is not inherently bad for an economy, he questioned the rationale for taking on more debt at a time when the government claims to have higher revenues.

Ilias pointed out that following the removal of fuel subsidy, Tinubu had announced increased revenue inflows. He added that both the Federal Inland Revenue Service and the Nigeria Customs Service had declared revenue surpluses, further suggesting the government should be able to fund projects without resorting to heavy borrowing.

According to him, the impact of the current borrowing spree is being felt in reduced public service delivery, particularly in capital expenditure, as debt servicing now consumes a significant portion of available revenue. He warned that this crowding-out effect limits job creation, fuels inflation, and worsens Nigeria’s foreign exchange imbalance, with the naira trading at historically weak levels.

He argued that given the claimed revenue surpluses, the Tinubu administration should not have needed to borrow within its first two years in office, let alone at the scale currently being witnessed.

Economist and CEO of the Centre for the Promotion of Private Enterprise, Dr Muda Yusuf, said the rising World Bank commitments to Nigeria should be examined within the context of the country’s Medium-Term Expenditure Framework and annual budgets, which already provide for both domestic and foreign borrowing.

He noted that deficit financing is a common feature of budgets worldwide and is not inherently wrong, as it allows governments to make critical investments without waiting to generate all the required revenue upfront. However, he stressed that borrowing should always be backed by sound economic reasoning and clear development priorities.

Yusuf emphasised that the key issue is debt sustainability, which depends primarily on the country’s revenue capacity to service its obligations. Without a strong cash flow to meet repayment schedules, he warned, Nigeria risks falling into a vicious cycle of borrowing to service existing loans, which would perpetuate fiscal vulnerability. He said it is essential that projects funded by loans directly support the economy’s capacity to repay.

According to him, Nigeria should be cautious with foreign loans due to the exchange rate risks they pose, noting that domestic debt is generally easier to manage. Excessive foreign borrowing, he warned, could put pressure on the country’s reserves and further weaken the exchange rate. He stressed that a disciplined approach to debt sustainability will be crucial for Nigeria to avoid long-term fiscal distress.

Meanwhile, data from the Debt Management Office showed that Nigeria’s total debt to the World Bank rose to $18.23bn as of March 31, 2025. This marks a $420m increase in just three months since December 2024, when Nigeria’s total exposure to the World Bank stood at $17.81bn.

The DMO data showed that borrowings from the International Development Association, the concessional financing arm of the World Bank, rose from $16.56bn in December 2024 to $16.99bn in March 2025.

At the same time, loans from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — the non-concessional lending window of the World Bank — remained unchanged at $1.24bn. In total, the World Bank Group now accounts for $18.23bn, or about 39.7 per cent of Nigeria’s total external debt stock, which stood at $45.98bn as of March 2025.

This reflects a marginal increase in the World Bank’s share of the debt portfolio, up from 38.9 per cent recorded in December 2024 and 36.4 per cent at the end of 2023. Further analysis indicates that the World Bank now constitutes 81.2 per cent of Nigeria’s total multilateral debt, which reached $22.43bn in Q1 2025.

This represents a rise from the 79.8 per cent share recorded at the end of 2024 and underlines the central role the institution continues to play in Nigeria’s financing framework.