Nigeria accounts for 6.8 percent of the total revenue that Africa loses yearly as a result of illegal transfer of revenues abroad, an African Union Report on Illicit Financial Flows from Africa has revealed.
According to the report, about $40.9 billion of an estimated $60 billion lost through such transfers from Africa are traced to Nigeria.
The 2014 budget of the Federal Government stood at N4.964 trillion or $26.3 billion (as at February 3, 2015 exchange rate)
The report was compiled by a panel headed by former South African President, Thabo Mbeki and adopted by African Union Heads of State and Government at their summit in the last days of February 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The funds are stolen through corruption, tax evasion and illegal transfer of profits by multinationals, the AU said.
The report also identified Egypt and Morocco as the other countries with the largest estimates of illicit financial flows statistics of $28.2 billion and $20.3 billion respectively.
Cumulatively, Nigeria and Egypt topped the list of ten African countries by illicit financial transfers between 1970 and 2008, with $217.7 billion (about N36.57trillion), or 30.5 per cent, and $105.2billion (about N17.67trillion), or 14.7 per cent respectively, while South Africa had $81.8billion (about N13.74trillion), or 11.4 per cent.
Concerned by the high losses through these illegal transfers, which was identified in 2011 as one of the threats to the inability of most resource-rich countries in Africa to meet their Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, the AU at its 4th Joint African Union Commission/United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, AUC/ECA, Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development constituted the Mbeki Panel to review the underlying issues stalling Africa’s accelerated and sustained development objective.
At the presentation of the report on Saturday, January 31, 2015, the panel gave a set of recommendations that would guide African leaders in checking the growing threats of the menace to the continent’s economy, including the activities of extremist groups, instability, and poverty.
Part of the recommendations included a system that would allow automatic exchange of tax information among African countries and globally to check illegal profits shifting by multinational corporations to subsidiaries in tax haven or secrecy jurisdictions.
The panel noted, in its 15-point findings that ending illicit financial flows is a political decision by the various governments as it involved issues of abusive transfer pricing, trade mis-invoicing, tax evasion, aggressive tax avoidance, double taxation, tax incentives, unfair contracts, financial secrecy, money laundering, smuggling, trafficking and abuse of entrusted power.
The interrelationships of these issues, it stated, conferred a technical character requiring transparency across all aspects to ensure access to information and the right to obtain such information.
The Panel, which noted illegal profits shifting by multinational corporations as one of the biggest single source of illicit outflows in the continent, advised countries to ensure that the automatic exchange of tax information be subject to national capacity, to maintain the confidentiality of price-sensitive business information.
The dependence on natural resource extraction, it noted, makes African countries vulnerable to illicit financial flows, pointing out that there was need to pay attention to activities in the sector in an effort to check illicit financial flows in Africa.
“African countries need to acquire the capacities and technology to monitor extraction of their natural resources better and to negotiate contracts more effectively,” the report said.
According to the report, tax incentives were not usually guided by cost-benefit analyses, as such African countries grant a host of tax incentives, such as tax holidays, investment allowances, tax rate reductions and administrative discretion in order to attract foreign direct investment, FDI.
Considering the effort needed in asset recovery and repatriation, the report said regulations and mechanisms were needed to ensure that financial establishments and banks identified and refuse to accept illicit financial flows, rather than relying on self-regulation by banks.
Money laundering, the panel noted, continues to require attention from the governments, with weak national and regional capacities impeding efforts to curb illicit financial flows.
Noting the impediments of incomplete global structure for tackling illicit financial flows, the report stressed the need for financial secrecy jurisdictions to come under closer scrutiny, challenging the AU to lead the effort to initiate measures to block all avenues for illicit financial flows, considering that the sources were from within the continent.
The Panel recommended that African governments engage with non-African private and public actors involved in developing mechanisms, policies and laws adopted by intergovernmental organisations and governments outside the continent that facilitate the flow of illicit funds out of Africa.
Considering that the bulk of illicit financial flows, such as trade mispricing and transfer pricing, are trade-based, the Panel asked African countries to develop laws and regulations that make it illegal for operators to intentionally, incorrectly or inaccurately state the price, quantity, quality or other aspects of trade in goods and services while moving capital or profits to another jurisdiction, or manipulate, evade, or avoid any form of taxation, including customs and excise duties.
Besides, the panel recommended that all agencies involved in revenue collection in Africa must ensure that all big and small corporations were not only registered for tax purposes, but also ensure that no corporate registration was approved without proof of tax registration.
While ensuring that the databases of the companies’ registration offices and the tax authorities were linked, the Panel urged African States’ customs authorities to proactively use available databases containing information on comparable pricing of world trade in goods to analyse imports and exports, while identifying transactions that required additional scrutiny.
On transfer pricing, the Panel asked national and multilateral agencies to ensure that data on trade pricing on goods and services in international transactions were made available according to accepted coding system categories.
African countries, it said, should, as a matter of urgency, establish and equip transfer pricing units in revenue in accordance with global best practices and ensure that multinational companies operating in their domains provided the units with a comprehensive report on their disaggregated financial reporting on a country-by-country or subsidiary-by-subsidiary basis.
It said countries and companies operating in extractive industries in the continent should not only join voluntary initiatives like the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, EITI, but also demand beneficial ownership information during company incorporation or trusts registration.
Again, the panel called for the establishment of independent institutions and agencies of government, like financial intelligence units, anti-fraud agencies, customs and border agencies, revenue agencies, anti-corruption agencies and financial crime agencies charged with responsibility of preventing illicit financial flows.
All such agencies, it said, should render regular reports on their activities and findings to the national assemblies, while central banks and financial supervision and regulatory authorities must compel banks and non-financial institutions to ensure mandatory reporting of transactions that may be tainted with illicit activity.
To check corruption in the system, the panel urged African governments to assist financial institutions by regularly publishing the lists of politically exposed persons, PEPs, as well as any asset declarations information filed by them.
